Hong Kong's embattled leader called Tuesday for an immediate end to street demonstrations that have drawn tens of thousands and paralysed parts of the city, but protesters refused to move until China grants genuine democracy.

Protest leaders are confident they can muster massive crowds overnight and into Wednesday for the National Day public holiday, which this year marks the 65th anniversary of the founding of Communist Party rule in China.

In his first public comments since demonstrators were tear-gassed by riot police on Sunday evening, Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying said the pro-democracy sit-in organised by the Occupy Central group was now "out of control".

"Occupy Central founders had said repeatedly that if the movement is getting out of control, they would call for it to stop. I'm now asking them to fulfil the promise they made to society, and stop this campaign immediately," he said.

But protest leaders rejected Leung's demands and renewed calls for the Beijing-backed leader to step down as they prepared for another night of huge demonstrations.

"I think there will be a massive turnout, over 100,000 people tonight and leading into National Day," hedge fund manager and Occupy Central activist Ed Chin told AFP.

Beijing has been left grappling with one of the biggest challenges to its rule over the semi-autonomous city at a time when the Communist Party is cracking down hard on dissent on the mainland.

The demonstrations, the worst civil unrest Hong Kong has experienced since its 1997 handover from British rule, were sparked by Beijing's decision last month to restrict who can stand for the city's top post.

Hong Kongers will be able to vote for their next chief executive in 2017 elections but only two or three candidates vetted by a pro-Beijing committee will be allowed to stand -- something which demonstrators have labelled a "fake democracy" that shows Hong Kong cannot trust its mainland overseers.

Throughout Tuesday morning protester numbers dwindled from their overnight highs, when tens of thousands turned the city's downtown into a carnival after riot police withdrew.

But they began to pick up again in the afternoon and those manning the barricades showed no signs of backing down.

"We have to keep fighting for freedom and democracy because it has been gradually taken away from us," 23-year-old Phoebe Wong told AFP.

"People won't stop until we have a result we're happy with," she added.

In the central district of Admiralty -- where many international businesses and the main protest site are located -- an exhausted 20-year-old Sirius Lee said he would press on.

"We are still struggling for our freedom and our right to select our chief executive in the future," the university student said.

"I think the Beijing government chooses to hear nothing, to see nothing," he added.

Protesters have two demands -- that Leung step down and Beijing rescind its insistence that his successor be vetted before standing for election.

Alex Chow, chairman of the Hong Kong Federation of Students, called on the government to respond to those demands by Thursday.

"If the government does not respond after October 2, the action will inevitably be stepped up," he told reporters.

But analysts say the chances of Beijing backing down are virtually non-existent, leaving a city once renowned for its stability plunged into an unknown future with democracy activists concerned the police could return in force at any moment.

Beijing stayed defiant Tuesday, saying it supported Hong Kong's handling of the protests, which it described as "illegal activity".

"We fully believe in and support the Hong Kong SAR government to deal with this issue," foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said at a regular briefing.

Communist authorities are worried that dealing with the protests too softly could encourage wider demands for greater freedoms on the mainland, observers say.

Hong Kong authorities meanwhile are caught between protester demands, Beijing's uncompromising stance and efforts to keep the city running.

Many locals have expressed frustration at the huge disruption, with the crowds blocking key junctions in the busy Causeway Bay and Mongkok shopping districts as well as the biggest protest site in Admiralty near the government headquarters.

Police Tuesday again called for the protesters to disperse, saying emergency services were being disrupted by the ongoing blockade of major carriageways.

"The longest we've been delayed was 43.5 minutes," Deputy Chief Fire Officer Leung Wai-hung told reporters, adding that paramedics at one point needed to take the subway system because the roads were blocked.

But the demonstrations have also prompted displays of solidarity. Some social workers and teachers went on strike after unions called for members to take action.